Solving White Tailed Deer With Hunting And Sterilization

Samantha Shields 952673863 ENGL 030 001 Dr. Aaron Mauro 3 December 2014 Solving White-Tailed Deer Overabundance With Hunting and Sterilization In the past few decades, white-tailed deer populations in North America have increased drastically. Due to some relief in predation—in correlation with changes in the environment—deer populations in many zones meet or exceed 10 deer per square kilometer, which is a much higher ratio than in the 1960’s and 1970’s (Cà ´tà © 116). With an overabundance of deer, many problems arise; the diversity and success of habitats decline, agriculture suffers, more deer-vehicle collisions occur, and quite a few more issues appear. In order to maintain a healthy number of deer and reduce these issues, deer populations†¦show more content†¦An abundance of deer initially seems to indicate healthy habitats and flourishing wildlife; however, overabundance actually leads to severe problems for ecosystems. One of the reasons deer populations have been able to grow so exponentially is because many forested suburban areas allow for deer habitats with low risk of predation (Boulanger 174). In correlation with their suburban living, overpopulated deer end up crossing more roads and highways, posing as more pressing issues towards automobiles and trains and causing more frequent collisions. Next, and quite obviously, overabundance creates overcrowding in habitats. Less apparent, however, is the idea that with increased browsing of new tree seedlings, overpopulated deer decrease species diversity in forests and reduce tree growth, which leads to a lack of protection from erosion and floods (Cà ´tà © 117). Deer also forage selectively, meaning certain species of plant will be eaten more frequently than others, often resulting in less diversity, ground coverage, and competition between plants (Cà ´tà © 124). This, in turn, makes ecosystems less suitable to other species, in particular the foliage. Steeve Cà ´tà © quotes Hobbs and Paine, who explain, â€Å"By affecting compet itive interactions among plants with varying levels of chemical defenses and by altering successional trajectories, deer alter ecosystem processes that include energy transfer, soil development, and

Analysis Of Oskar Schindlers Changing Identity - 1732 Words

Part I: Oskar Schindler’s Changing Identity: 1. Oskar Schindler’s identity drastically changes from the beginning to the end of the movie. At first, Schindler was a greedy, selfish, and rich man, who was a member of the Nazi party and profited from the war. He also was a womanizer who constantly cheated on his wife. He only cared about making money and he only hired Jewish workers because they were cheaper. He saved his workers initially because he did not want to pay to train other workers and protected them since he believed that their welfare impacted his business. He saw Jewish people differently than other Germans, he saw them as workers, and he inadvertently developed a reputation for kindness. He did not do this at first to be a†¦show more content†¦He witnessed the terrible treatment the Jews faced, yet did nothing to stop it. He was most clearly a bystander when he watched the liquidation of the ghettos on top of a hill. However, that was a moment that changed Schindler after seeing the girl in the red coat and realizing that he had to save the people. He slowly became an upstander in the labor camp as he saved many people by bringing them to his factory where they were safer. He treated his workers well and began to see them as people and care about them. He got his own sub-camp in order to protect them more and spent his entire fortune to save as many people as he could. His workers viewed him as a hero and he was most visibly an upstander when he led his workers to safety to his factory away from the labor camp. At his own factory, he banned the guards from harming any Jews and it was a safe haven for them. He risked everything to save the woman and children who were accidentally redirected to Auschwitz. He bribed and cheated at first to get what he wanted, but then he did it to save as many Jews as possible. An upstander is someone who does something to stop and prevent acts of injustice when witnessing it. This his was his transformation from bystander and perpetrator, to ups tander and saving his Schindler Jews. Part II: Bystanders, Perpetrators, Upstanders, Victims 3. In the movie

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Reflective Statement on Professional Development †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reflective Statement on Professional Development. Answer: Introduction: Hazard analysis refers to the process of identifying hazards, which arise from a particular environment or system and also encompasses documentation of unwanted consequences. One major aspect of hazard analysis is related to conducting an analysis of the potential causes that might create adverse effects (Wallace et al. 2014). On the other hand, safety training refers to the programs that are essential for making a workplace safer for most people. This often encompasses a range of training options that assist in bringing about improvements in safety practices, ensures compliance and reduces risks (Sacks, Perlman and Barak 2013). According to the data of Dub (2017) workplace is the place where an individual spent half of his life besides his home. There are several organizations that involve job roles, equipment and environment that has the capability to hamper ones health. Therefore the organizations should focus on workplace health and safety training so that the health, safety and wellbeing of the employees can be ensured. From the data of OSHA (2018), it is determined that construction site possess greatest amount of risk as maximum of the workplace accidents around the world are caused in construction sites. Hence, in this safety training procedure I decided to provide safety training to the management and supervisor staffs regarding construction safety course, Building construction safety supervisors course, framework safety course for supervisors, confined space safety assessors course and industrial first aid course. While including these safety training courses in the organizational setting, my primary professional objective was to provide the employees or staff of the construction site with proper training so that the employees can identify and respond to identified risks present within their workplace. Further, they become aware of the safety related rules and legislation so that in case of health risks they can protect their rights. Hence, the aim of this training was to provide complete knowledge regarding the workplace health and safety and factorial safety training courses to the construction site workers so that they can complete their tasks without any severe health risk and hazard. In the construction site, where I decided to provide safety training, more than 250 workers were involved with 10 on-site supervisors and 5 construction site managers. Prior to training I was clear with approach with the help of which I will be providing training to the supervisors and on site managers and for the purpose, I chose computer based training and interactive training. These two techniques were decided so that with the help of available data and pictorial demonstrations, an interactive session can be formed. Further, while providing the training, all the supervisors and managers were provided with a small questionnaire and were interviewed after the completion of the training so that data interpretation can be carried out (Robson et al. 2012). I prepared a presentation for the safety training management including topics such as safety and health policy, statutory requirements on safety, rules and responsibilities while creating a safe organization and management system. As this part comprised of several legislation and regulations, I contacted the workplace safety and health committee so that a constructive and effective session can be conducted. After the session with site managers, supervisors were also provided with interactive session by WHS committee and I provided them questionnaire so that their understanding can be assessed (Ismail, Doostdar and Harun 2012). Further, the supervisors were provided with techniques through which they can provide such information to the construction workers as disclosing adverse effects can affect their mental stability as well. They were asked to utilize the theory of hands on training technique to make the workers aware of the safety and health related issues they can face or facing at the construction site. All the activities that I included in the training purpose for safety related issue had specific implications. The training for supervisors and safety managers was inclusive of rules and regulations related data, demonstration of possible health risk and means to overcome those, whereas, the workers were provided with training by their supervisors so that the actions of the workers within the construction site can be controlled which can breach health and safety protocol of the construction site (Robson et al. 2012). I was surprised from the response of the safety training as maximum of the workers were responsive and interactive in the session and took active part in the training session. Further, while providing training to the managers and supervisors, they accepted the data and were curious regarding the techniques and interventions through which such incidents can be minimized. While discussing the strength and weaknesses of the approach, I should include the fact that maximum of the workers and supervisors at the construction site was able to answer the health and safety related questionnaire. The strength of the approach was proper distribution and medium of training (Phillips 2016). Inclusion of workplace safety and health committee in the process was beneficial as they approach the site managers with their data and were able to answer all the possible questions so that clarity and understanding of the process can be maintained. However, there were few weaknesses of the approach, supervisors were asked to provide training to the onsite workers right after their own training session, hence, they forgot to include several aspects of safety such as penalty and fine system and safe work procedure, hence, in the process the training to workers lacked completion. However, despite being several flaws, I was satisfied with the approach as it was able to provide an idea regarding workplace health and safety in workplace (McCaughey et al. 2013). On the other hand, my thinking, my working pattern and planning of the training process also had several strengths and weaknesses. I was able to differentiate the roles and subjects upon which training will be provided to supervisors, managers and workers as they dominate in those sections. Therefore, the scope of the training enhanced. Further, my training division lacked connection and unity as training was provided with different means to workers, site managers and supervisors. Hence, it could have affected the mental state of the workers as they were not provided with the data and statistics of workplace health and safety related accidents (McCaughey et al. 2013). According to several research studies, hazard analysis is an essential procedure that needs to be implemented at all workplaces owing to high prevalence of workplace incidents that are undesired or unplanned and often create barriers in the completion of a particular task (Dokas, Feehan and Imran 2013). Hence, I decided to conduct a hazard analysis at the construction site, in order to assess the potential risks. Therefore, I recognized the need to identifying the underlying risk factors in the operating environment that could result in major malfunctions or failures. The major activities that I conducted for risk assessment at the workplace included recording and monitoring the rates of known hazard, identification of the hazards that were related to use of different chemicals or use of electrical equipments, followed by introduction of new works or processes. Furthermore, my activities also included conducting an inspection of the technical competencies that were displayed by the m anagement and workers. The primary objective of my risk assessment activity was related to creating provisions at the construction site, for providing appropriate means that would facilitate in identification of potential hazards. In addition, I also wanted to manage the workplace hazards in a feasible way that would eliminate chances of accidents or injuries at the workplace and make all the workers adhere to the safety policies. The primary approach that I had implemented at the construction site was to convince the authorities to assign a risk assessment committee, which was comprised of supervisors, managers, personnel, and technicians. This approach was taken owing to the fact that it would provide assistance to fulfill the major oversight responsibilities required for risk management and strategic planning of the company (Potts et al. 2014). Furthermore, the committee would also help in recommending necessary risk assessment procedures that would help the company in the long run. I also focused on identifying the major kinds of hazards that were prevalent in the company and had taken a toll on the safety of the workers. Hence, identification of major hazards that might arise, before a construction work commenced was imperative (Bahn 2013). I also emphasised on recognizing new hazards at the workplace that were related to use of particular chemicals, or other equipments. Moreover, I also emphasized on eva luating the technical competency and training levels of the workers in order to gain a deeper understanding of their skills that might be required, if they encounter any hazardous events. I realized that while eight supervisors were well aware of the skills they need to display in order to reduce chances of workplace hazards, the workers were most often exposed to environment that increased their likelihood of getting affected. While recording known hazards that were already present in the workplace, I received help from the members of the risk assessment committee. They helped me to conduct a thorough investigation of the hazards that the workers were frequently exposed to such as, use of asbestos, handling solvents and flammable gases, working in confined places, and operating heavy mechanical instruments. The committee members also provided adequate assistance in recording new hazards that the workers might be exposed to. Furthermore, the supervisors also helped me record the aforementioned risk factors. Additional help was received from three site managers and two supervisors regarding inspecting or investigating skills of the people responsible for risk analysis. Moreover, two project managers also helped me in the conduction of risk analysis, before a work commenced at the site. My activities helped me determine that the likelihood of occurrence of workplace hazards was frequent at the construction site. This indicated that the working conditions were unsafe and the workers were exposed to use of asbestos, flammable objects and heavy mechanical instruments quite frequently. I identified that there was moderate severity of the hazards, which most commonly resulted in burns (57), sprains (43), lacerations (31) and minor fractures (44), among 175 workers in past five years. Thus, the observations helped me use the risk assessment matrix that gave a score of high risk, based on the likelihood and severity. Hence, the objective of identifying risks of hazards at the workplace was adequately met. Major strengths of the approaches lie in the facts that they were successful in gaining a deeper understanding of the undesirable accidents or incidents that frequently deteriorate the health condition of the workers, and also helped in determining the true magnitude of the extent to which the hazards could affect health (Zhang et al. 2015). Failure to determine whether the company provided appropriate health coverage for the employees was a weakness (Siqueira et al. 2014). In future, there is a need to recommend alternatives for high risk operations in order to reduce the severity and likelihood of occurrence of occupational health hazards (Rankin et al. 2014). My strength was related to the fact that I could convince the board members of the risk assessment committee to conduct an evaluation of the hazards that the workers were exposed to on a regular basis. This helped me in conducting the risk analysis in a suitable manner and also assisted me to gain a deeper understanding of the risk factors that lead to occupational health hazards. However, the fact that I evaluated the technical skills and competencies of only the people responsible for risk analysis was my weakness, as all workers should demonstrate adequate skills to combat such incidents. I can improve this by conducting an interview of individual workers to determine their skills that are imperative in reducing chances of workplace hazards. I should also increase awareness of the workers regarding the basic amenities that they are entitled to, if any such incident occurs in future. While concluding the assignment, it should be mentioned that construction site was chosen for the risk assessment and safety training procedure as in this particular construction site, more than 175 workers were having injuring and the risk at the site was very high. Further, they were unaware of the health and safety issues, their rights and regulations regarding it. Therefore, with the help of Workplace health and safety committee, such training related to health and safety and risk assessment of identified hazards were conducted. This ensures that safe work culture can be established and after studying the possible incidences, a dynamic organization free from hazardous risk and safety issues can be created. References Bahn, S., 2013. Workplace hazard identification and management: The case of an underground mining operation.Safety science,57, pp.129-137. Dokas, I.M., Feehan, J. and Imran, S., 2013. EWaSAP: An early warning sign identification approach based on a systemic hazard analysis.Safety science,58, pp.11-26. Dub, D. 2017.This is how much time you spend on work emails every day, according to a Canadian survey. [online] Global News. Available at: https://globalnews.ca/news/3395457/this-is-how-much-time-you-spend-on-work-emails-every-day-according-to-a-canadian-survey/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Ismail, Z., Doostdar, S. and Harun, Z., 2012. Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites.Safety science,50(3), pp.418-423. McCaughey, D., DelliFraine, J.L., McGhan, G. and Bruning, N.S., 2013. The negative effects of workplace injury and illness on workplace safety climate perceptions and health care worker outcomes.Safety science,51(1), pp.138-147. OSHA 2018.Commonly Used Statistics | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. [online] Osha.gov. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/oshstats/commonstats.html [Accessed 16 Apr. 2018]. Phillips, J.P., 2016. Workplace violence against health care workers in the United States.New England journal of medicine,374(17), pp.1661-1669. Potts, H.W., Anderson, J.E., Colligan, L., Leach, P., Davis, S. and Berman, J., 2014. Assessing the validity of prospective hazard analysis methods: a comparison of two techniques.BMC health services research,14(1), p.41. Rankin, A., Lundberg, J., Woltjer, R., Rollenhagen, C. and Hollnagel, E., 2014. Resilience in everyday operations: a framework for analyzing adaptations in high-risk work.Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making,8(1), pp.78-97. Robson, L.S., Stephenson, C.M., Schulte, P.A., Amick III, B.C., Irvin, E.L., Eggerth, D.E., Chan, S., Bielecky, A.R., Wang, A.M., Heidotting, T.L. and Peters, R.H., 2012. A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, pp.193-208. Sacks, R., Perlman, A. and Barak, R., 2013. Construction safety training using immersive virtual reality.Construction Management and Economics,31(9), pp.1005-1017. Siqueira, C.E., Gaydos, M., Monforton, C., Slatin, C., Borkowski, L., Dooley, P., Liebman, A., Rosenberg, E., Shor, G. and Keifer, M., 2014. Effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities.American journal of industrial medicine,57(5), pp.557-572. Wallace, C.A., Holyoak, L., Powell, S.C. and Dykes, F.C., 2014. HACCPthe difficulty with hazard analysis.Food Control,35(1), pp.233-240. Zhang, S., Sulankivi, K., Kiviniemi, M., Romo, I., Eastman, C.M. and Teizer, J., 2015. BIM-based fall hazard identification and prevention in construction safety planning.Safety science,72, pp.31-45.

Discrimination in the Labor Market

Free Essays on Teen Suicide The Solution

Teen Suicide, the Solution By Brittany Wimpy Twenty percent of high school students seriously consider committing suicide. This means that 106 of the ninth grade students here at North Cache have seriously considered it. I’m betting that out of those 106 you’re friends with at least one of them. If not, think of it this way, six people in this class have contemplated suicide. Micheal Faenza said, â€Å"More adolescents and young adults die from suicide than from all medical illnesses combined.† Too many teens today are giving up. It’s hard to imagine completely solving the problem of suicide, but I have some suggestions on how we can help. First, if you ever think about committing suicide you need to talk to someone. I know that telling someone about your deepest thoughts can be hard but saving your life is more important. Most of time if you ask for help you will receive it. Even if you think that no one cares someone out there does. Our school counselors are always willing to work through your problems with you. I know that parents don’t always listen or understand, but I guarantee they will listen and although they might not understand they will definitely try to. Older brothers and sisters may act like they couldn’t care less about you but deep down inside they love you and they have probably experienced the same things you are experiencing, so talk to them and ask for help. There was a 14 year old boy named Jim who felt like he nobody cared about him. Other kids Jims age were always teasing him and giving a hard about anything they could come up with. Jim couldn’t take it anymore and decided to comit suicide during the upcoming weekend. That week at school another boy noticed that Jim was always alone and didn’t seem to have any friends so he decided to talk to him. Jim and the other boy had a lot in common and spent the rest of the week together, but Jim decided that he would still follow through with hi... Free Essays on Teen Suicide The Solution Free Essays on Teen Suicide The Solution Teen Suicide, the Solution By Brittany Wimpy Twenty percent of high school students seriously consider committing suicide. This means that 106 of the ninth grade students here at North Cache have seriously considered it. I’m betting that out of those 106 you’re friends with at least one of them. If not, think of it this way, six people in this class have contemplated suicide. Micheal Faenza said, â€Å"More adolescents and young adults die from suicide than from all medical illnesses combined.† Too many teens today are giving up. It’s hard to imagine completely solving the problem of suicide, but I have some suggestions on how we can help. First, if you ever think about committing suicide you need to talk to someone. I know that telling someone about your deepest thoughts can be hard but saving your life is more important. Most of time if you ask for help you will receive it. Even if you think that no one cares someone out there does. Our school counselors are always willing to work through your problems with you. I know that parents don’t always listen or understand, but I guarantee they will listen and although they might not understand they will definitely try to. Older brothers and sisters may act like they couldn’t care less about you but deep down inside they love you and they have probably experienced the same things you are experiencing, so talk to them and ask for help. There was a 14 year old boy named Jim who felt like he nobody cared about him. Other kids Jims age were always teasing him and giving a hard about anything they could come up with. Jim couldn’t take it anymore and decided to comit suicide during the upcoming weekend. That week at school another boy noticed that Jim was always alone and didn’t seem to have any friends so he decided to talk to him. Jim and the other boy had a lot in common and spent the rest of the week together, but Jim decided that he would still follow through with hi...

Managerial Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managerial Economics - Research Paper Example (Heakal, n. d). As each company or country will have both advantages as well as risks regarding many aspects of its functioning, it is very important for the investors to have insight about those investment opportunities. As it will not be practically feasible for the investors to analyze and understand each and every aspect of the companies or countries and their advantages and risks, they will elicit the help of external agencies. Also, even if they do analysis on their own, they will consult or refer external agencies to give them some guidelines or ideas about the investment opportunities. This is where the role of credit rating companies or agencies comes into the picture. â€Å"Measuring the ability and willingness of an entity - which could be a person, a corporation, a security or a country - to keep its financial commitments or its debt, credit ratings are essential tools for helping you make some investment decisions.† (Heakal, n. d). Do changes in credit ratings affect equity valuation? If so how? And to what extent? This is an important topic that has interested many professionals in the field of economics and business, although it is often overlooked. As pointed out in the introduction, credit rating companies play an extremely vital role in any economy, local or foreign. The information provided by these agencies is used by all kind of parties starting from business organizations, independent investors, financial institutions, even countries’ governments, charity organizations, etc. â€Å"Only because of the availability of clear, internationally accepted indicators of the risk of default were investors willing to invest in international securities—whether corporate or government bonds—whose credit quality they would have been virtually unable to assess on their own.† (Utzig, 2010). The objectives of this research paper are: firstly, to show how credit rating companies’ rati ngs or changes have

The CIO'S In Public Service Sector And Private Service Sector Assignment

The CIO'S In Public Service Sector And Private Service Sector - Assignment Example The role of the CIO in regards to public sector is at formative level but well developed in the private sector. It is through this fact, that challenges and opportunities ought to be identified in the public service sector. Despite the fact that government is viewed as the entire enterprise, some other departments in a government operate with their own mission, goals and visions with the CIO being a position. The CIO being an official government role, it has been present in most government enterprises for the last have a centaury. The organizations during this period were undergoing revolutions as far as Information technology is concern. More resources are being invested in the IT with the top executive officers being well aware of their business competitors by use of the information technology to have the upper hand in globally growing market place. On the other hand, the private sector being aware of the importance has experienced the gains of an officer who manages the informatio n technology and the assets of the organization for the last two decades. During the time the private sector were experiencing the gains of the implementation of the CIO in their structures, the public sector was still recognizing the new position of the executive. The interesting thing to note is that when the organizations in the private sector implemented the CIO’s as early as early 80’s, the government appointed the CIO as late as 2003. This therefore translate that public sector is two decades behind the counterparts in the private sector in the appointment of an executive in charge of the information (Portela, Carvalho, Varajao & Magalhaes, 2010). The recognition of the significance of the appointment of CIO is affected by the high rates of labor turnover in both public and private sectors. Particularly in the public sector, instability acquired as a result of high rate of turnover lead to the assumption that the crucial role at the infancy development stage has never been implemented sufficiently and aligned together with policies and the strategies of the government. Recognition of the role of the CIO is what has been considered to be a reticence in terms of the significances as it may be plagued by huge turnover rates both in the public and private service sectors. Specifically in the public service sector, there are severe rates of turnover which has caused instability can be assumed that the role in the publi c sector which is seen to be still at the infancy stage in terms of its development has not been fully implemented as I is suppose to be so that it can match with the policies and strategies laid by the government. In this paper, the role of the CIO will be discussed, in a further note; a comparison will be made on how the private and public service sectors grant authorities to their CIO and the roles they play in their organization. A future expectations of the CIO will also be give in the paper concerning their roles and responsibilities of the public service sectors as they are experienced by the private service sector. The paper will finally conclude by giving useful CIO roles that are emerging in the public sector (Schubert, 2004). Role of the CIO Early in the 80s, the CIO was considered to be responsible for the senior execution of corporate information policies standards and controlling of management in the information resources. In this case the CIO was considered not only a s a technical expert but also a manager. The attributes of a CIO at the time was management, information technology specialist, management, political, communication skills, and organizational skills in order to have an understanding of how to go about in

Legal System of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal System of Business - Essay Example The most common ADR methods are mediation and arbitration; however several other methods are available including: negotiations through facilitation; neutral evaluation; conciliation; summary jury trial; mini trial; neutral evaluation; judicial referee; and others (Goldberg, Green, & Sanders, 1985). In this instance, preparing an ADR clause that can be used by the learning team to resolve potential disagreements among team members requires an agreement on a complete definition of an ADR clause. Perhaps the most consistent and concise definition of ADR identifies it as a "procedure for settling disputes by means other than litigation; e.g., by arbitration, mediation, or minitrials" (Law Encyclopedia, 1998). Additionally, it is important that the clause make both business and legal sense, and include components that will avoid significant procedural issues or needless parameters that restrict the resolution process. In structuring the Alternative Dispute Resolution clause specific to this assignment, the goal was to be concise keeping needless complexity out of the resolution clause, including the necessary elements that demonstrate a clear understanding of the process to be used, but avoiding statements that may encourage disputes in its utilization (Aibel & Friedman, 1996).

Musical Culture In Various Regions

Musical Culture In Various Regions Through research and studying about the different musical culture in various regions, one can often link the different characteristics of music with the particular place. Music shares a close connection with place as it helps shape the ways we make music. In different places, ideas about the aesthetics, contexts as well as history of music will vary. The uniqueness of place is critical in our understanding of music as different perceptive and judgments incite differences. Disparity in environment also gives rise to the different levels of appreciation of music. The effectiveness of music will also be questioned when it is presented in a completely different environment as there are bound to be a difference in understanding the background of music, which includes the different influence, functions and representation of it. The discussion of musics connection with place can be framed by broad boundaries concerning the ecological, political, acoustic and social context of the environment, which somewhat affects the type of music that is made and how it is regarded in the area. The musical situation and concept may mean different things and involve different activities among the people in various societies. In the following essay, I will explore the wide array of differences and perception of music due to the diverse environment they are made in. In Papua New Guinea, it can be said that music of the Kalulis share a close connection with their rainforest. This relationship between music and ecology is important and the never ending dense soundscape play a major role in the daily lives of the Kalulis. The sensuousness of their everyday life is closely tied to the experiences of places. An evident example being the pattern of sounding- Dulugu Ganalan, also known as lift-up-sounding, is an important musical trait of Kaluli music. It is characterized by having one sound that stands out momentarily, and then just as quickly fades into a distance, overlapped or echoed by a new or repeated emergence in the mosaic. Feeble or rather, no attempts are made to coordinate the singing or playing of the instruments in Kaluli soundmaking so as to somewhat imitate the music of the rainforests where the sounding of the creatures and nature is never in unison. This pattern of sounding in the natural environment is the inspiration for many Kaluli vocal and instrumental forms. The significance of creatures inhabiting the surroundings, such as birds, plays an important role in their music. Birds are commonly associated with the spirits of the dead and the calls of the birds are commonly imitated by human vocalizations as well as drum calls. The importance of birds to the Kalulis is such that they are voices and are vital in delineation of social spaces, between the non-spiritual and spiritual realm. Birds are like voices to the Kalulis. They recognize and acknowledge the existence of birds primarily through sound and likened them to be spirit reflections of deceased men and women. The construction of musical instruments such as the Kaluli drums, as well as vocalizations in Kaluli music are grounded in the perception of birds, as indicated foremost by the presence of sound. These calls of the birds are particularly important because it embodies much of the way Kaluli identify with their forest home and so much of their feelings about the death and the reflec tion realm. As Feld suggest, the incorporation of characteristics of the different bird calls in drumming and certain types of song (eg. Gisalo) brings about much emotional intensity to the musical performances. This is because the souls of the dead are thought to be revealed in the voices of the rainforest birds. Such association between music and the ecology of the environment is especially apparent in the Bosavi region. Songs and weeping not only recall and announce spirits, but their texts sung in a poetry called bird sound words, sequentially name places and co-occurring environmental features of vegetation, light and sound. These songs become what Kaluli call a path, namely a series of place-names that link the cartography of rainforest to the movement of its past and present inhabitants. These song paths are also linked to the spiritual world of birds. As Steven Feld notes, the link between the birds and the Kalulis shows a local ecology of voices in the forest. Place is also regarded a critical factor in determining the song structure of the Kaluli music. The formal structure of Heyalo songs as trees where trunk is marked as the refrain usually refers to the whistling sound of a local bird and branches is marked as verses reflecting such songs as maps of lands and human relations. Musical dialogue with the sounds of the environment is also an interesting trait that shows the connection between music and place. The Kalulis creates musical counterpoint with the environment such as singing duets with the Cicadas or waterfalls. The poetic sound words such as da:da, siya siya and wo-wo creates counterpoint with the imitation of the cicadas. The movement of water through the environment is also paralleled to the sound in song. Water flow animates much of Kaluli musical imagination, as all waterway terms are also names for the musical intervals, the segment of song, the patterns of rhythm, and the contours of melody. Kaluli compose their songs by creeks or waterfalls, singing with and to them, and the texts of these songs are maps of waterways or trails, viewing them from above as spirit birds might-in Felds words, sense that in song, sound flows and connects people and places- in the same way as water constantly flows through the environment, connecting, dividing bodies of land. In the Gisalo songs, its organization is identical to muni bird representation and to the tonal structure of weeping. Gisalo songs make full and dramatic use of all poetic resources and such dramatic performances in the song, dance, costumes and weeping makes the Gisalo performance likened to the form of a bird. This shows the close connection between the music of Kaluli and the significance of birds that are present in their rainforest environment. From the above, one can conclude that the connection with place in respect of the environmental ecology is critical to aesthetics, structure and emotive power of the Kaluli music. Such connection between music and the forest environment is also evident in the music among the Mbuti in Central Africa. The immense, ancient, thickly canopied tropical rainforest exerts a powerful influence on life of the people, namely the ethnic group of BaAka. Communal singing is part of their daily life in the forest as well as the rituals they perform when they are not in the village. An example being molimo, in which the Mbuti sing to the forest. It is sung to restore the tribes connection to the forest and make the forest happy, generally after some crisis, such as death or a period of bad hunting. Older men sing songs of praise to the forest and in reply, the forest also sings , with sounds varying from animal-like growls to high, melodious sounds. These sounds appear to come from a source moving through the forest, sometimes near the village, sometimes far away. For the Mbuti, the molimo evokes their intense love for the forest, which is their provider and protector: in rea l sense, their deity. As Turnbull suggests, song is used to communicate with the forest, and it is significant that the emphasis is on the actual sound, not on the words. Through this case study, we can see how music is connected to the ecological environment such as the rainforests. The music across State borders in the Northern Fringes of Europe shares close connections with the environment as well. Musical practice is shaped where through joiking; insights are offered about our eco-system to a global audience as arctic populations feel the effects of polar warming and notice changes in the eco-system first, alerting to us the global dimensions of environmental changes. Musicians contribute to the environmental, climate and global warming issues through joiking. An example being Valkeapaas composition of the Bird Symphony where he encourages listeners to consider creative practices in thinking about environment, alongside social, political, developmental and scientific perspectives on the environment as suggested by Ramnarine. Music in this case is studied in relation to the environmental crisis of the place. Its connection with place is through composing of the environment through joiking. Music is also regarded to have close connection with the environment as Valkeapaa referred joik to be like a ring that circles in the air and its structure can be compared with water moving in harmony with the landscape or the wind that touches the ground on the mountain plateau. In a different perspective in viewing of the environment, one can say the landscape and acoustics of the particular place plays an important part in the making of music. The music of Tibet had close connections with the vast open landscapes. Singers in Tibet are usually not trained professionally and they have extremely strong vocals which are developed due to singing frequently in the open pastures. Their vocal projection is powerful with characteristically condensed and focused singing sound which can be carried through in the open. Such nomadic vocal style shows the connection of music making in Tibet where open pastures and large open environment is apparent. Countless Tibetan songs and ballads are also equipped with lyrics that describes and sing praises of the environment of Tibet. Praises are sung of the brilliant sun of Tibet, the beautiful rivers, mountains and vast green fields. All these show the close connection between place and music where the place influences the diffe rent aspects of music making. Conversely, the difference of agricultural environment of the place affects the different types of music made. The connection between the contrasted environment of the Amazonia and Andean highlands has a significant impact in music making and gave rise to different musical ensembles. In the Amazonia, which is largely governed by tropical forests, a meditative and individual quality of music is preferred. The reflective and relaxing nature of the music made can be contrasted to music of the High Andes. One rarely hears meditative sounds but rather, strident and vibrant music is characteristic of the music. High tessitura is employed, instruments are often blown strongly to exploit the high registers and multiphonics, almost outwardly to put across the sense that they are compensating for the silence of the barren, treeless mountainscape. Musical ensembles in the High Andes tend to play monophonically in groups of the same family of instruments and are often accompanied with drums. In contrast, musical ensembles of the Amazon rarely play monophonically with regular drum accompaniment. In different places, the function music differs as well. With regards to the music of the High Andes, music is very much associated to agriculture as well as seasonal changes. Different sets of instrument, tunings and song genres invoke different emotional qualities and are alternated throughout the course of the year and are closely connected with the agricultural production. People play on their flutes and panpipes to the llamas and sheep as it is believed to promote fertility and sometimes are also said to console and bring joy to the surrounding landscape ensuring abundant herds and potato harvests. Music is a contextualized activity and is usually not heard when there are no festivals but in contrast, one will be virtually surrounded by music during festivals. It is also important to follow the conventions of only a certain specific group musical instruments are allowed to play during different seasons as it is believed that music orders the seasons and cycles of production. On the other hand, the function of Sundanese music in Indonesia differs from that of the High Andes. Sundanese music is more frequently associated to ceremonies and celebrations where vocal music or instrumental music is performed for either ritual or entertainment purposes. Music serves as an accompaniment for dances such as the ketuk tilu, which is a flirtatious open air dance where the female entertainers sang and dance to rhythms produced by the kendang drum. Music also serves to function as an important accompaniment during theatrical performances such as the Wayang golà ©k-a rod puppet theatre. Through the case studies of the High Andes and Sundanese music in Indonesia, one can clearly see how functions in different places give rise to different types of music. (AM I GOING OUT OF POINT BY MAKING THIS LAST LINK TO THE QNS?) Musics connection with place can also be discussed in the context of the political climate of the particular place. The political climate of the place also plays a role in the influence on the type of music produced, one example being the music in Tibet. It is necessary for one to understand the political context first before being able to accurately grasp the understanding of Tibetan music. Reform of culture due to the political control by the Chinese Communist Party, Cultural Revolution and post-Cultural Revolution policy, all play a significant role in the music of Tibet. Traditional songs were banned during the Cultural Revolution and national ideology is imposed on the performing arts. Propaganda songs were composed and national unification of the musical style was evident during the Cultural Revolution. Great massive symphonic works written for large orchestras portraying grandeur and power, and these were favored to the traditional smaller scale works. Secular music also fared better under the Chinese rule than the monastic music that was distinctive of Tibet. This shows the how political climate of the particular place affects the composition of music, which in this case, the cultural revolution in Tibet. These case studies show that the particularities of place are critical in understanding music. There are different important implications for the different experience of landscape and social differences among the different case studies mentioned above. The diversity in organizing and understanding of music, as well as the varying stylistic features diverge between the different places are closely connected with the specific setting, way of life and associations to place. In addition, other individuals who come from a different environment or place may or may not appreciate the particular musical type. Experiences and sentiments raised vary among these outsiders and that their experience of music will be different to that of the concerned group. Scientists tell us bird calls are for mating and marking territory and give them no significance outside the bird world, but for the Kalulis, bird sounds are part of a song pattern that connects to human world and involves feelings of sadness. It is evident that the cultural and social differences in the different places give rise to different musical features as well as the functions of music in the different contexts. In conclusion, one can affirm that music shares a close connection with place. The different ecological, acoustic, social and political environment gives rise to the different styles of music as well as different levels of understanding and appreciation of music.

school hazing :: essays research papers

People are obsessed with the interrelation between different demeanors. Weather it be art and literature, matching shoes and shirts, or between men and women. We live in a society full of irreverent and dysfunctional relationships. In-fact, we were lucky enough to live during the time of The Break-up Heard 'Round the World, other wise known as when Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt broke up. The reason why the masses of literate minds are sucked into this timeless display of courtship is because they themselves have experienced similar relationships and knowing that they are not alone in the miserably bleak world of despair in the vain quest for love and acceptance. The many degrees of alliances, how strong they are, why they are being maintained, and what possible stresses can be applied to them by antagonists are all real world situations. People like to critique other people, and Hamlet is full of many archetype characters. Hamlet is based off of consanguinity, and the ext ream effe ct it has on people. People have aspirations and people want love. The relationships displayed in Hamlet revolve around personal lives clashing around ambitions. Ambitions driven by greed or revenge. "The serpent that did sting thy father's life/Now wears his crown." (Ghost 1,5) Hamlet talks to his fathers ghost and finds out that his uncle, his fathers own brother killed his father. From here on he is driven to get revenge for his fathers death. The rest of the play he puts on an antic disposition so he can get the information he wants and not have to explain why he is acting they way he is. If everyone thinks that Hamlet is crazy then they will not be suspicious. Hamlet is determined at all costs to kill Claudius from then on. "Does it not, think the, stand me now upon-/He that hath killed my king, and whored my mother,/...is't not perfect conscience/ To quit him with this arm?" (Hamlet 5,2) Hamlet is on the brink of killing Claudius and will soon have the chance. "Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane,/ Drink off this option. Is thy union here?/ Follow my mother." (Hamlet 5,2) This was said after his duel with Leartes, after he knew he was going to die. He makes Claudius drink from the poisoned cup his mother drank from. One of the last things he does is ensure that his vengeance is complete.

Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography

Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 DESIGN OF A NEW SECURITY PROTOCOL USING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS S. Subasree and N. K. Sakthivel School of Computing, Sastra University, Thanjavur – 613401, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. ABSTRACT A Computer Network is an interconnected group of autono mous computing nodes, which use a well defined, mutually agreed set of rules and conventions known as protocols, interact with one -another meaningfully and allow resource sharing preferably in a predictable and controllable manner.Communication has a majo r impact on today? s business. It is desired to communicate data with high security. Security Attacks compromises the security and hence various Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to achieve the security services such as Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Non-Repudiation and Availability. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high s ecurity to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity.To improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new security protocol for on line transaction can be designed using combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides three cryptographic pr imitives such as integrity, confidentiality and authentication. These three primitives can be achieved with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual -RSA algorithm and Message Digest MD5. That is it uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography for encryption, Dual -RSA algorithm for authentication and MD-5 for integrity.This new security protocol has been designed for better security with integrity using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Keywords: Network Security, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual-RSA, Message Digest-5. 1. INTRODUCTION Curiosity is one of the most common human traits, matche d by the wish to conceal private information. Spies and the military all resort to information hiding to pass messages securely, sometimes deliberately including misleading information [12]. Steganography, a mechanism for hiding information in apparently innocent pictures, may be used on its own or with other methods.Encryption fundamentally consists of scrambling a message so that its contents are not readily accessible while decryption is the reversing of that process[14]. These processes depend on particular algorithms, known as ciphers. Suitably scrambled text is known as cipher text while the original is, not surprising ly, plain text. Readability is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for something to be plain text. The original might well not make any obvious sense when read, as would be the case, for example, if something already encrypted were being further encrypted.It's also quite possible to construct a mechanism whose output is readable text but which actually bears no relationship to the unencrypted original. A key is used in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt or decrypt text. The key might appear meaningful, as would be the case with a character string used as a password, but this transformation is irrelevant, the functionality of a key lies in its being a string of bits determining the mapping of the plain text to the cipher text. 1. 1 Why we need cryptography?Protecting access to information for reasons of security is still a major reason for using cryptography. However, it's also increasingly used for identification of individuals, for authentication and for non -repudiation. This is particularly important with the growth of the Internet, global trading and other activities[12]. The identity of e -mail and Web users is trivially easy to conceal or to forge, and secure authentication can give those interacting remotely confidence that they're dealing with the right person and that a message hasn't been forged or changed.In commercia l situations, non-repudiation [12] is an important concept ensuring that if, say, a contract has been agreed upon one party can't then renege by claiming that they didn't actually agree or did so at some different time when, perhaps, a price was higher or lower. Digital signatures and digital timestamps are used in such situations, often in conjunction with other mechanisms such as message digests and digital certificates. 95 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010The range of uses for cryptography and related techniques is considerable and growing steadily. Passwords are common but the protection they offer is often illusory, perhaps because security policies within many organizations aren't well thought out and their use causes more problems and inconvenience than seems worth it[14,15]. In many cases where passwords are used, for example in protecting word processed documents, the ciphers used are extremely lightweight and can be attac ked without difficulty using one of a range of freely available cracking programs. 2.TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 2. 1. Elliptic Curve Encryption When using elliptic curves in cryptography[11], we use various properties of the points on the curve , and functions on them as well. Thus, one common task to complete when using elliptic curves as an encryption tool is to find a way to turn information m into a point P on a curve E. We assume the information m is already written as a number. There are many ways to do this, as simple as setting the letters a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, . . . or there are other methods, such as ASCII, which accomplish the same task.Now, if we have E : y2 = x3 + Ax + B (mod p), a curve in Weierstrass form, we want to let m = x. But, this will only work if m3 + Am + B is a square modulo p. Since only half of the numbers modulo p are squares, we only have about a 50% chance of this occurring. Thus, we will try to embed the information m into a value that is a squa re. Pick some K such that 1/2K is an acceptable failure rate for embedding the information into a point on the curve. Also, make sure that (m + 1)K ; p. Let xj = mK + j for j = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,K ? 1 Compute x 3j + Axj + B.Calculate its square root yj (mod p), if possible. If there is a square root, we let our point on E representing m be P m = (xj , yj) If there is no square root, try the next value of j[4,5]. So, for each value of j we have a probability of about 1/2 that xj is a square modulo p. Thus, the probability that no xj is a square is about 1/2K, which was the acceptable failure rate[6]. In most common applications, there are many real-life problems that may occur to damage an attempt at sending a message, like computer or electricity failure.Since people accept a certain 16 amount of failure due to uncontrollable phenomenon, it makes sense that they could agree on an acceptable rate of failure for a controllable feature of the process. Though we will not use this specific process in our algorithms[10]. 2. 2. Dual RSA In practice, the RSA decryption computations are performed in p and q and then combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain the desired solution in ? N, instead of directly computing the exponentiation in ? N. This decreases the computational costs of decryption In two ways.First, computations in ? p and ? q are more efficient than the same computations in ? N since the elements are much smaller. Second, from Lagrange? s Theorem, we can replace the private exponent d with dp = d mod (p – 1) for the computation in ? p and with dq = d mod (q – 1) for the computation in ? p, which reduce the cost for each exponentiation when d is larger than the primes. It is common to refer to dp and dq as the CRT -exponents. The first method to use the CRT for decryption was proposed by Quisquater and Couvreur [7,8].Since the method requires knowledge of p and q, the key generation algorithm needs to be modified to output the private key (d, p, q) instead of (d,N). Given the pri vate key (d, p,q) and a valid ciphertext C ? ? N, the CRTdecryption algorithm is as follows: 1) Compute Cp = Cdp mod p. 2) Compute Cq = Cdq mod q. 3) Compute M0 = (Cq – Cp) . p-1 mod q. 4) Compute the plaintext M = Cp + M0 . p. This version of CRT-decryption is simply Garner? s Algorithm for the Chinese Remainder Theorem applied to RSA.If the key generation algorithm is further modified to output the private key (dp, dq, p, q, p -1 mod q), the computational cost of CRT-decryption is dominated by the modular exponentiations in steps 1) and 2) of the algorithm. When the primes p and q are roughly the same size (i. e. , half the size of the modulus), the computational cost for decryption using CRT -decryption (without parallelism) is theoretically 1/4 the cost for decryption using the original method[7]. Using RSA-Small-e along with CRT-decryption allows for extremely fast encryption and decryption that is at most four times faster than standard RSA. 96IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 2. 3 MD5 Algorithm MD5[2] consists of 64 of these operations, grouped in four rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function; one function is used in each round. Mi denotes a 32 -bit block of the message input, and Ki denotes a 32 -bit constant, different for each operation. s is a shift value, which also varies for each operation[1]. MD5 processes a variable length message into a fixed -length output of 128 bits. The input message is broken up into chunks of 512-bit blocks; the message is padded so that its length is divisible by 512.The padding works as follows: first a single bit, 1, is appended to the end of the message. This is followed by as many zeros as are required to bring the length of the message up to 64 bits less than a multiple of 512. The re maining bits are filled up with a 64-bit integer representing the length of the original message[9]. The main M D5 algorithm operates on a 128 -bit state, divided into four 32-bit words, denoted A, B, C and D. These are initialized to certain fixed constants. The main algorithm then operates on each 512 -bit message block in turn, each block modifying the state.The processing of a message block consists of four similar stages, termed rounds; each round is composed of 16 similar operations based on a non -linear function F, modular addition, and left rotation. Many message digest functions have been proposed and are in use today. Here are just a few like HMAC, MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA-1. Here, we concentrate on MD5, one of the widely used digest functions. 3. HYBRID SECURITY PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE It is desired to communicate data with high security. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks.These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Figure 1 : Hybrid Protocol Architecture As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve both the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. The above discussed three primitives can be achieved with the help of this Security Protocol Architecture.The Architecture is as shown in the Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve bo th the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. 97 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The new Security Protocol has been designed for better security. It is a combination of both the Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptog raphic Techniques.It provides the Cryptographic Primitives such as Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication. The given plain text can be encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECC and the derived cipher text can be communicated to the destination through any secured channel. Simultaneously, the Hash value is calculated through MD5 for the same plain text, which already has been converted into the cipher text by ECC. This Hash value has been encrypted with Dual RSA and the encrypted message of this Hash value also sent to destination. The intruders may try to hack the original information from the encrypted messages.He may be trapped both the encrypted messages of plain text and the hash value and he will try to decrypt these messages to get original one. He might be get the hash value and it is impossible to extract the plain text from the cipher text, because, the hash value is encrypted with Dual RSA and the plain text is encrypted with ECC. Hence, the messag e can be communicated to the destination with highly secured manner. The new hash value is calculated with MD5 for the received originals messages and then it is compared with decrypted hash message for its integrity.By which, we can ensure that either the origi nal text being altered or not in the communication medium. This is the primitive feature of this hybrid protocol. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. 1 Comparison of RSA and Dual RSA 1) The Public Key Algorithms, RSA and Dual-RSA have been implemented in VC++ and we got the following results. As shown in the Figure 2, the original message for communication is stored in MyFile. txt and its size is 547 Bytes, which is shown in the report file. Figure 2 : Input File MyFile. txt Figure 3 shows that the project main menu, which consists of various features. They are i. RSA Encryption, ii.RSA Decryption, iii. Dual RSA Encryption, iv. Dual RSA Decryption, and v. Graph, which is used to compare the computational costs of both the RSA and D ual -RSA Figure 4 shows that RSA Encryption and Figure 5 shows that Dual RSA encryption. From the figure 6 it is clear that the RSA take one block at a time for encryption and decryption at a time. But the dual RSA take more time for encryption of two block at a time, but it take less time for decryption of two blocks. So, the RSA encryption and decryption time is greater than Dual RSA because Dual RSA perform the encryption and decryption operation for two blocks. 8 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 3 : Process of RSA and Dual RSA Encryption/Decryption Figure 4 : RSA Encryption 99 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 5 : Dual – RSA Encryption 5. 2 Performance analysis of RSA and Dual RSA Figure 6 : RSA vs Dual RSA 100 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 7 : Computational costs of RSA vs Dual RSA Figure 6 s hows that the Perfor mance Analysis of RSA vs Dual RSA.From this figure, it is clear that the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual -RSA is less than that of ordinary RSA. From the Figure 7, it is observed that the total computation time for Encrypt ion and Decryption of RSA is 4314ms as compared with the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual – RSA is 3203ms for the file size 547 Bytes. From the analysis it is clear that Dual RSA is better than RSA algorithm. So, for authentic ation we are going to use Dual RSA. Dual RSA take two block for encryption and decryption simultaneously. . 3 Results of Hybrid protocol Architecture Here, we are using three different mode of operation. The sender, Receiver and Intruder. We have t o select the mode and process the information. The following figure represent the three different mode. Figure 8 : Mode selection If the mode is the sender, then we have to provide the key val ue and messages in t he specified location. Figure 9 : Sender Mode 101 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 10 shows that the Receiver received the sender message with the key.From the figure, it is noted that, the intruder also received the key and not the message. Because, the message is encrypted with ECC and key is encrypted by using Dual RSA. And also noted that, the intruder derived different key for decryption, which is equivalent to the original key. Even though the intruder got the key he cannot able to get the orig inal message because of Dual RSA. Because of Dual RSA we got two advantages one is the message cannot be decrypted and time required to perform the encryption and decryption operation less compare to RSA because Dual RSA perform encryption and decryption by two block at a time.The new Public Key Cryptographic algorithm, Dual – RSA has been developed for better performance in terms of computation costs and memory storage requirements. It is also called RSA -CRT, because it is used Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT for its Decryption. From the output, it is noted that Dual -RSA improved the performance of RSA in terms of computation cost and memory storage requirements. It achieves parallelism. The CRT Decryption is achieved roughly ? times faster than original RSA. Figure 10 : Secured communication of Hybrid Protocol 102 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ?Design of a New Security Protocol 6. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"An attack on the last two rounds of MD4†, Advances in Cryptology, Crypto ? 05, pages 194-203, Springer-Verlag, 2005. B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"Collisions for the compression function of MD5†, Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt „07, pages 293-304, Springer-Verlag, 2007. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small CRTexponent in Pub lic Key Cryptography†, PKC 2006, vol ume 3968 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 1 –13. Springer-Verlag, 2006. D. Bleichenbacher and A.May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small secret CRT -exponents,† in Public Key Cryptology—PKC 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3958, pp. 1–13. D. Boneh and G. Durfee, â€Å"Cryptanalysis of RSA with private key d less than N ,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, Jul. 2000. E. Jochemsz and A. May, â€Å"A polynomial time attack on standard RSA with private CRT -exponents†, 2007. Hung-Min Sun, and et al. , â€Å"Dual RSA and its Security Analysis†, IEEE Tra nsaction on Information Theory,Aug 2007, pp 2922 – 2933,2007 [8] H. -M. Sun, M. J.Hinek, and M. -E. Wu, On the design of Rebalanced-RSA, revised version of [37] Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, Technical Report CACR 2005 -35, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www. cacr. math. uwaterloo. ca/te chreports/2005/cacr2005 -35. pdf [9] H. Dobbertin, â€Å"The Status of MD5 after a Recent Attack†, CryptoBytes, 2(2): 1-6, 2007. [10] M. J. Hinek, â€Å"Another look at small RSA exponents,† in Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, D. Pointcheval, Ed. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3860, pp. 82 –98. [11] N. Gura, A. Patel, A. Wander, H. Eberle, and S.C. Shantz, â€Å"Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs†. Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 2004), 6th International Workshop, pages 119 –132, 2004. [12] Ravindra Kumar Chahar and et. al. , â€Å" Design of a new Security Protocol†, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, pp 132 – 134, 2007 [13] Ramaraj, E and Karthikeyan, S, â€Å" A Design of Enhanced Security Protocol for Wireless Communication using Hybrid Encryption Technique, Indian Jo urnal of Computing Technology, pp 22 -29, May, 2006. 14] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA†, 2005. Updated ACISP 2005. version of [15] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA,† in Proc. Inf. Security and Privacy, 10th Australasian Conf. , ACISP 2005, C. Boyd and J. M. G. Nieto, Eds. , 2005, vol. 3574, pp. 280 – 292, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. BIOGRAPHY Dr. S Subasree got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she done her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1995 and M. hil from Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univeristy in 2001. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2006 and 2009 respectively. She got 13 years teaching experience. Now she will be serving as a Senior Assistant Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 15 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her rese arch area includes Network Security, High Performance Soft Computing Techniques, Communication Network, and B iometric Cryptography. Dr. N K Sakthivel got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she one her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1994 and M. phil from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 2000. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2004 and 2009 respectively. She got 15 years teaching experience. Now She will be serving as a Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 18 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes High Speed Communication Networks, Network Security, High Performance Computing, and Biometric Cryptography. 103

Principles of Scientific Management Essays

Principles of Scientific Management Essays Principles of Scientific Management Paper Principles of Scientific Management Paper Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1915), is said to be the father of scientific management. Taylors theories on efficient management emerged in a late 19th century/early 20th Century context when industries were experiencing rapid growth in both size and complexity. His concepts form the basis of modern management as we know it today. This essay will examine fundamental aspects of the Scientific Management movement, and will look at how these key ideas are implemented in the modern day context of a 21st Century organisation. The company I have chosen is Vodafone, a global firm with an operation in NZ. More specifically, I will be looking at the Vodafone Call Centre and its management practices. Key aspects I will cover include Taylors scientific research, designed to discover the most efficient one best way of working, and how this aligns with Vodafones means of establishing the best practice benchmark. I will discuss Taylors scientific selection and training method and Vodafones application of this approach. Other aspects such as the role of the manager, employee motivation and employee satisfaction within Vodafone will be covered, with close reference to the ideas of Taylorism. The conclusion will summarize my observations. Scientific research is the starting block of Taylors Scientific Management theory. In order to achieve Taylors principle objective of maximising prosperity for both the employer and employee (Allen, et al. 2002), extensive research must be carried out to discover the best method and most reasonable time the task should be allocated, the one best way. The most efficient worker in the company was selected, and then examined on task. All of his unnecessary movements were eliminated until the fastest rate of task completion was achieved. This technique is called time/motion study and was developed by both Taylor and Gilbreth (Wren, 1998). Through this scientific research, the First Class Man standard was established, to which all other workers were expected to meet on a daily basis (Allen, et al. 2003). At Vodafone, similar research is conducted by management to establish Best Practice. Information is sourced from Vodafone international and also from external companies with comparative roles. Hired consultants also provide research services to Vodafones call centre. From this information, customer statistics are derived, call cycles planned, and best practice (the Customer Service Representative [CSR] benchmark) is established. For example, multiple phone calls are timed and listened in on, and conclusions are then drawn by management as to which approaches and methods are most effective for the CSRs to use, relevant to different customer needs and personalities. One conclusion that has been drawn from this scientific research is that the time allowance of phone calls should be on average 4 min 10 sec. Best practice in the call centre is defined by four Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). First call resolution means resolving a customers issue in the first phone call, avoiding passing them around or having to call them back. The second KPI is Quality. CSRs phone calls are randomly listened in on by the manager who assesses performance. Next Best Activity refers to value adding. CSRs need to look up the customers profile and sell to them depending on their cellphone habits (for example, whether the customer texts or makes calls). The last KPI is retention, where managers analyse how well a CSR managers to retain a disgruntled customer. Taking into account Taylors research, the next step was to scientifically select, train and develop the most suitable workers for the respective task, rather than leaving the employee to autonomously adapt to their role (Melman, 2001). According to Taylor, everyone had the potential to perform at the first class standard for some job. It is the task of management to identify the most suitable job for each individual, and train them in that position (Allen, et al. 2002). At Vodafone, there is an entire management team solely devoted to training CSRs for call centre work. Their role includes running a 6 week induction training period of employees, including teaching the technology, sales plans, how to deal with difficult customers, how to engage customers and so on. They are trained to meet the benchmark established through Taylors research process. Part of the managers role is also to up skill existing employees based on their performance reviews. A 5-point rating scheme is used to assess performance, with one being a poor performer and five being outstanding. Taylors Scientific Management method requires managers to work closely with workers, developing and encouraging, as well as to evaluate their potential within their role. The manager must maximise a workers proficiency in their job, or failing this, must find the worker a better suited role within the company (Allen, et al. 2003). The managers role involves instruction cards, rosters, timekeeping and reporting. Workers productivity can then be analysed and compared, with high and low performers subsequently rewarded or punished (Melman, 2001). Vodafone call centre managers implement this method through daily, weekly and monthly reports. The Daily Dashboard includes and snapshot of the previous days KPI results, while weekly and monthly employee reports are more comprehensive, analysing performance, sick and annual leave figures, employee turnover and total quality results. If an employee is falling below 3 points in performance rating, the call centre manager will adopt Taylors approach, identifying the problems and fixing them in a process called performance managing. If the employee possesses good skills but is in the wrong job, secondments are offered, meaning the employee can be placed in another role for a fixed time to see how he/she operates in that role (for example, a telemarketer can work for three months in the faults service section). The Taylorist approach involves a distinct separation between the organisational structure, routine-technical planning, inspections and all other clerical work, and the labour itself. There is an equal share of work and responsibility given to manager and the labourer. While managers strategise and plan, workers actually perform the tasks (Allen, et al. 2002). Vodafone adopts this principle, and have numerous management teams who deal to different aspects of the company while the CSRs work on the phones. For example, management teams for training, forecasting customer activity, for statistics and research, development and employee satisfaction. Taylors primary method of motivation was monetary incentives. He claims that Scientific Management cannot work unless there are benefits for the worker. Tasks should be arranged in such a way that if a worker produces more, he can get paid more (Gabor, 2000). Additionally, rewards must be issued without delay, so the worker receives instant gratification and can tangibly measure the personal benefits of his labour (Taylor, 1967). Vodafone works on a pay-by-performance scheme, and salaries are increased or decreased at an annual review, depending on the individual workers quality performance record. Scholarships and international placements are among some of the rewards offered. However, in contrast to Taylors theory, Vodafone believes job satisfaction and alignment with the companys values are also important factors in achieving hard-working employees. Taylor proposed the concept of functional foremen, managers who defied the traditional military-style supervision of firms in his day. These managers did not have disciplinary power, so that their role meant supervision over some aspect of work, not the person. Disciplinary issues were left to a disciplinary committee, and managers were freed to focus on production and quality control (Clegg, S. Kornberger, M. Pitsus, T. , 2005). The Vodafone call center has a straightforward process of dealing with discipline. Minor incidents are dealt with by a call center manager, while more serious problems may be brought before the cue management team. A call centre manager has a span of control of eight CSRs, and as a values-based organisation, good will and equality is encouraged between worker and manager, so the nee d for discipline is ideally avoided altogether. Taylor incentivized suggestion schemes to encourage employees to give input on improvements they felt needed to be made. Employees should be given the full credit for the improvement and should be paid a cash premium as a reward for his ingenuity (Allen, et al. 2003, pg 107). Vodafones intranet has a staff Blog, where employees can keep up to date with what is happening in the managerial level of the company, and they are invited to give feedback or suggestions. Employees are praised for innovative suggestions and displays of initiative, and are rewarded with anything from free phones to an all expenses paid trip in the Asia/Pacific region, depending on their KPIs and annual performance reviews. The operation of the Vodafone call centre adopts many fundamental aspects of Scientific Management. Evidence of Taylors methods can be found throughout the organisation, in researching, selection and distribution of employees, call centre induction training programs and performance management programs. Management teams are put in place to scientifically monitor individual employees quality performance rates, customer service skills and job suitability. Taylors methods of motivating workers are evident in Vodafones incentive schemes and reward packages. Vodafone have implemented modern management styles into their operation to include a more humanistic approach, but as this essay has outlined, the basic principles of Taylors Scientific Management are still clearly evident in the framework of their organisation.

Free Essays on Hurbis

Hubris: A Pitfall O’Connor uses Julian’s hubris in â€Å"everything that rises must converge† to show his downfall. Throughout the story Julian feels he is above his mom and the world. Julian thinks this way because his mom is blind to the fact that the world is changing and her old views are not â€Å"correct† anymore. This is ironic because Julian is so caught up in how his mom looks at the world that he can’t see how kind she is by letting him stay with her even though he should be supporting himself. He can’t see her kindness and wants to teach her a lesson. â€Å"The law of it was to sacrifice herself after she had first created the necessity to do so by making a mess of things.†(p.11)This is the kindness that Julian cannot see when he judges his mom, which shows his excessive arrogance. During the story Julian has time to â€Å"withdrawal† from the world and judge people objectively. He feels superior in this way because of his college education which by the way his mom paid for. â€Å"H could not bear to be a part of what was going on around him. From it he could see out and judge but in it he was safe from any kind of penetration from without.† This quote further proves Julian’s hubris, he withdrawal from the world and looks on people objectively; this leads me to believe that Julian thinks he is a Christ-like figure. When he goes into this state he can see his mom in â€Å"absolute clarity† but in reality he is fogged because he cant seem to see her inner kindness, â€Å" what she meant when she said she had won was that she had brought up successfully and had sent him to college and he had turned out so well- good looking (her teeth had gone unfilled so that his could be straightened)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.11) This is the perfect example of his ignorance to his mothers kindness and self sacrifices. Every time he talks to his mom he tries to put her down in some way and tries to belittle her because of his feelings toward her. â€Å"In... Free Essays on Hurbis Free Essays on Hurbis Hubris: A Pitfall O’Connor uses Julian’s hubris in â€Å"everything that rises must converge† to show his downfall. Throughout the story Julian feels he is above his mom and the world. Julian thinks this way because his mom is blind to the fact that the world is changing and her old views are not â€Å"correct† anymore. This is ironic because Julian is so caught up in how his mom looks at the world that he can’t see how kind she is by letting him stay with her even though he should be supporting himself. He can’t see her kindness and wants to teach her a lesson. â€Å"The law of it was to sacrifice herself after she had first created the necessity to do so by making a mess of things.†(p.11)This is the kindness that Julian cannot see when he judges his mom, which shows his excessive arrogance. During the story Julian has time to â€Å"withdrawal† from the world and judge people objectively. He feels superior in this way because of his college education which by the way his mom paid for. â€Å"H could not bear to be a part of what was going on around him. From it he could see out and judge but in it he was safe from any kind of penetration from without.† This quote further proves Julian’s hubris, he withdrawal from the world and looks on people objectively; this leads me to believe that Julian thinks he is a Christ-like figure. When he goes into this state he can see his mom in â€Å"absolute clarity† but in reality he is fogged because he cant seem to see her inner kindness, â€Å" what she meant when she said she had won was that she had brought up successfully and had sent him to college and he had turned out so well- good looking (her teeth had gone unfilled so that his could be straightened)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.11) This is the perfect example of his ignorance to his mothers kindness and self sacrifices. Every time he talks to his mom he tries to put her down in some way and tries to belittle her because of his feelings toward her. â€Å"In...

Research Project Proposal on Emerging Technologies

Project on Emerging Technologies - Research Proposal Example To begin with, tutors want to be able to collaborate with their as well as colleagues using a means that is relatively cheap or free since educators spend a lot of their own money on numerous resources (Wylie, 2012). Twiddla provides software based on the internet that has free access and this is perfect for any meeting that does not need privacy or the need to login at a later time to look at saved meetings. The platform also has a set of math symbols that can be embedded on the whiteboard spaces being used by a teacher or students (Bernard, 2011). This is important since it is difficult to conduct a math discussion without the symbols required and many sites do not integrate these symbols in their boards. Collaborating using Twiddla simply necessitates a computer, a browser and a link to the internet so that the students and teachers do have to download software which is very helpful and all the host is required to do is start a meeting after which he or she shares the URL provided with the others and the meeting can go on. Apart from the invite that is hassle-free, all the tools are easy to use and need minimal explanation making them practical for the K-12 classroom. The site allows the students to explore each tool without worrying about ruining anything or making mistakes since it integrates an erase tool or the option of starting on a new sheet. One characteristic of Twiddla that makes it more conducive to progressive learning methods is that gives all the users an ability to make on the whiteboard in an easy way. Typically, in the case of an in-person classroom, only the teacher marks on the whiteboard and this cannot be blamed on the teaching philosophy but rather has more to do with the logical constraints of having many students moving up and down in the classroom and standing in front of the whiteboard so that they

Art and cinema Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art and cinema - Assignment Example They seem to be at peace with themselves and those around them. The disruption in narrative convention is apparent in the man’s time-space travel, where nothing is lasting and completely certain. The man and woman are as temporary as the dead animals they are gazing at. The parallel scene with Twelve Monkeys is the scene where the animals run free and James Cole (Bruce Willis) and Kathryn Railly (Madeleine Stowe) see the animals for the first time. See Figure 2. James and Kathryn are in mid cut away shot at eye level. The impact of them together and the animals running free is the perceptions that they are not free compared to the animals. Like the animals, as in La Jetà ©e, the only time they can assuredly have is the present. The future is unreliable in giving happiness for it may even lead to their separation or death. The narrative is disrupted by the constant reference to life’s temporariness. In the clip from Godard’s Band of Outsiders, Odile (Anna) Karina recites from â€Å"Les Poà ¨tes† by Louis Aragon. Odile is represented in a different light from the woman in La Jetà ©e because the former is darker and less hopeful of the future. In this scene, Odile looks forlorn, as she says: â€Å"All they’d ask for was a light. They settled for so little. They had so little anger in them.† The sad tone of her voice and poem suggests that she is unhappy and she longs for something better in the future that she cannot enjoy at present. She is different from the woman in La Jetà ©e who no longer questions the comings and goings of the man. She just enjoys every moment they have. Odile is similar with the woman though because she also strives to be happy. She is unsure how, but she does want to have true happiness in her life. In the essay, â€Å"On Photography,† Susan Sontag explores the meaning of photography, based on its uses and impacts on human behaviors. She argues that photography is a process of collecting